Article of Relationship Parasitic helminth infections (worms) with Welfare Human Life

CHAPTER I
Preliminary

Parasitic organism is a parasitic organism that lives are always detrimental to the life he lived organisms (host). Like the worms parasitic organism that is very disturbing because it raises human welfare kecacingan.Infection worm disease is still common across the region Indonesia. Infection caused by infection worm is classified as a disease that received less attention, because they are often regarded as a disease that does not cause outbreaks or deaths. However, the actual worm disease sufferers experience enough to make losses, because slowly the worm infestation in the patient's body will cause interference with the health begin mild, moderate to severe clinical manifestations of which are shown as a reduction in appetite, discomfort in the abdomen, itching - itching, allergies, anemia, malnutrition, pneumonitis, Loeffler syndrome and others - others.

Worm disease is often associated with sufferers of environmental conditions, socio-economic and education levels of people with the disease penderita.Salah worm is still a lot going on in the Indonesian population is the group that caused the Soil-Transmitted helminth intestinal nematode groups in the transmission or in the life cycle through soil media. Infection by intestinal nematodes are usually associated with bad hygiene.Infeksi is always there, especially in the tropics and subtropis.Serangan worms in small amounts is usually asymptomatic but severe infections can cause serious problems, especially in children - children who are usually followed by delays in the development of children. (D Greenwood, 2007; GF Brooks, 2006)

Worm disease problem in Indonesia is closely related to climate and individual personal hygiene, home and the surrounding environment as well as high population density. During the rainy season, the air is moist, dirt floor homes, low health sanitation knowledge were factors in the high incidence of worm disease.

The most appropriate way to address and eradicate the parasite is to break the cycle of living worms, periodic mass treatment, improvement of environmental health, public health education and prevent soil contamination by feces of patients.

CHAPTER II

Discussion

Worm disease

Intestinal worm disease in humans is often referred to as intestinal worms, most of these helminth infection occurs through tanah.Infeksi by intestinal nematodes are usually associated with bad hygiene.Oleh because it is classified in the group of worms that are transmitted via soil or Soil-Transmitted Helminths. Were included in the group Soil-Transmitted helminth intestinal nematode Ascaris lumbricoides is, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis and Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)

1.      Ascaris lumbricoides:

In Indonesia is known as worm worm gelang.Predileksi adult worms present in the lumen of the human intestine, but is sometimes encountered wandering to other parts of the intestine. Transmission can occur through several means, namely the entry of infective eggs through contaminated food and beverages and through dirty hands or inhalation of air contaminated with dust infektifnya eggs.
Ascaris lumbricoides which causes ascariasis disease transmission occurs via infected food by the developing eggs and larvae in the intestine.Larva penetrate the intestinal wall, through the heart and then to the lungs. After reaches the throat, then swallowed larvae and breeding became worm adults in the intestine halus.Gejala clinic on ascariasis can be caused by adult worms and larvae, adult worms live between mucosal folds of the small intestine and can cause irritation that can cause discomfort in the abdomen, nausea and abdominal pain are not real. Sometimes worms adults carried towards the mouth due to regurgitation and spit out, so out through the mouth or nose. Or can get into the intestinal tube eustachii.Dinding be penetrated by adult worms that cause peritonitis. Worms in large quantities will cause a blockage in the intestinal lumen and the toxin it produces will cause the manifestation of poisoning, for example, face edema, uticaria and decreased appetite. Larval migration to the lungs and can cause allergies such as urticaria eosinofili, symptoms of pulmonary infiltration, swollen lips and on Lofflers syndrome. Larvae migrate to other organs can cause endophthalmitis, meningitis and encephalitis. In children, the symptoms often seen protruding belly, pale, listless, rare and red hair and thin due to nutritional deficiency and anemia. (WK Joklik, 1992; Natadisastra Agoes D and R, 2009; Neva A HW and Brown, 1994)

2.      Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

This worm known as hookworm. Predilection for adult worms in the small intestine mucosa, especially in the duodenal mucosa and human jejenum. Both species of this worm attaches itself to the mucous membrane of the small intestine using a chitin tooth or teeth cutting and sucking the blood from the bite wound. (A Neva and Brown HW.1994; Markell EK et al, 1992)

Ancylostoma duodenale worms cause ancylostomiasis the disease transmission occurs by larvae that enter the broken skin on the feet and cause reactions lokal.Setelah entering the vein, the larvae to the lungs and bronchi ultimately to the gastrointestinal tract. Hookworm is also associate themselves with the intestinal mucosa and blood sucking up to host a pretty serius.Gejala anemia of hookworm infection can be caused by larvae and adult worms. When the larvae penetrate the skin and formed maculopapula erithema often accompanied by intense itching (ground itch). Larval migration to the lungs can cause bronchitis or pneumonitis. Adult worms attached and injured intestinal mucosa will cause an uneasy feeling in the stomach, nausea and diarrhea. An adult worms suck blood from 0.2 to 0.3 ml / day, may cause anemia sehinnga progressive, hypokromik, mikrositer, type iron efficiency. Clinical symptoms usually appear after it appears the anemia, in severe infections, hemoglobin can be dropped up to 2 g%, shortness of breath, weakness and dizziness kepala.Kelemahan heart may occur due to changes in the heart that form of hypertropi, noisy valves and pulse cepat.Infeksi in children can cause physical retardation and mental.Infeksi Ancylostoma duodenale heavier than the infection by Necator americanus. (WK Joklik, 1992; Natadisastra Agoes D and R, 2009; Neva A HW and Brown, 1994)
3. Trichuris trichiura

This worm is also known as worm cambuk.Predileksi this worm in the human cecum mucosa. (A Neva and HW Brown, 1994). Worm Trichuris trichiura trichiuriasis cause the disease that the mode of transmission occurs through infected food and water. Trichuriasis most commonly affects children aged 1-5 years, mild infection is usually asymptomatic. In severe infection, the worm spread throughout the colon and rectum are sometimes seen in the rectal mucosa prolapse. Chronic and severe infections show symptoms of severe anemia, low hemoglobin once can reach 3 g%, due to a blood sucking worms every day 0,005 cc, diarrhea with feces and contain a little bit of blood, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and weight loss , sometimes accompanied by prolapse recti. (WK Joklik, 1992; Natadisastra Agoes D and R, 2009; Neva A HW and Brown, 1994)

4. Strongyloides stercoralis
      This worm is also called worm benang.Predileksi adult worms in the small intestine mucosa, especially the duodenum and jejunum manusia.Cacing Strongyloides stercoralis strongyloidiasis cause disease that is transmitted through the thread-shaped larvae that penetrate kulit.Larva can be identified in the stool, which does not contain eggs . Since the auto-reinfection occurs, the worms can survive for decades in the mucosa of the upper small intestine Strongylidiasis light usually causes no symptoms, the infection being a nesting female adult worms in the duodenal mucosa causing feelings of burning, prickling in the epigastric region, accompanied by a sense of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea alternating with constipation. In the severe and chronic infections resulting in weight loss, anemia, chronic dysentery and mild fever caused by a secondary bacterial infection on intestinum.Death lesions can occur due to worm breeding females in almost all the intestinal epithelium, covers an area of ​​the stomach up to the distal colon were accompanied secondary bacterial infection. (Natadisastra Agoes D and R, 2009). autoinfeksi may be the mechanism of the occurrence of long-term persistent infection and many tahun.Parasit and hospesnyan in the state of equilibrium so that no significant damage. If by any reason, the balance is disturbed and the patient's immune conditions declined, then the infection will spread and increase the production of larvae and larvae can be found in any body tissue. This is called the syndrome hiperinfeksi. (Gracia, 1977)

  Factors - Factors Affecting worm disease
            Defecation behavior is not the latrines contaminate soil by hookworm ova thereby increasing the risk of infection, especially in people or children - children who do not wear shoes kaki.Anak who live in families that have a habit of defecation in the garden and elsewhere the home page, hookworm infection risk 4.3 times greater than the children who lived with a family who has a habit of defecation in latrines. (Sumanto D, 2010)
            Sanitation is a risk factor for the incidence of hookworm infection, children who live in homes with poor sanitation are at risk of 3.5 times greater than the hookworm-infected children living in homes with good sanitation. (Sumanto D, 2010)
            Climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, may be an important factor in the prevalence of Soil-Transmitted helminth infections in Bali. Low education levels, personal hygiene and poor environment, low socioeconomic and behavior are also other factors that effect. (Wijana DP and Sitisna P, 2000). Developed in rich countries and many parasitic diseases that can be eradicated, otherwise in poor and underdeveloped countries showed a higher prevalence of parasites. (Onggowaluyo JS, 2001)

Bibliography

Aria G, 2004.Hubungan Perilaku Sehat dan Sanitasi Lingkungan dengan Infeksi Cacing yang Ditularkan Melalui Tanah di Nagari Kumanis Kabupaten Sawahlunto Sijunjung.UGM.

Brooks GF dkk. 1996. Mikrobiologi Kedoktran. Edisi 20.EGC.Hal.670-678.

Elmi, dkk. 2004. Status Gizi dan Infestasi Cacing Usus pada Anak Sekolah Dasar. Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FK Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Ginting SA. 2003. Hubungan Antara Status Sosial Ekonomi dengan Kejadian Kecacingan Pada anak Sekolah Dasar di Desa Suka Kecamatan Tiga Panah Kabupaten Karo Sumatera Utara. USU Digital Library.

Natadisastra D dan Agoes R. 2009.Parasit Kedokteran di Tinjau dari Organ Tubung yang Diserang.EGC.Hal.69-86.

Onggowaluyo JS. 2001. Parasitologi Medik I (Helmintologi) : Pendekatan Aspek Indentifikasi, Diagnosis dan Klinik.EGC.Hal.11-31.

Palgunadi BU. 1998. Pencemaran Tanah Oleh Telur Cacing Usus Dalam Hubungannya dengan Kejadian Infeksi Cacing Usus.Tesis. Program Pasca Sarjana Unuversitas Airlangga.

Soedarto. 2008. Parasitologi Klinik.Airlangga University Press.Hal.71-96.